变频条件下电动机的温升与对策 点击:283 | 回复:2



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发表于:2009-07-15 08:04:33
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为节约能源和改善工艺控制,越来越多的工业过程利用变频器来提高生产系统的综合效率。变频器输出的PWM脉冲电压谐波成分丰富、脉冲频率高且上升沿陡直,这种状况与用50Hz的交流正弦波驱动电动机的状况大不相同,在能量转换过程中,电动机内部将不可避免地产生损耗,使电动机的温度升高。当温升超过最高容许工作温度时,电动机的使用寿命将大幅缩短。为此,研究电动机的温升问题及其缓解对策是十分重要的。
  
  1 电动机的温升限度
  
  电动机中的绝缘材料,按其耐热能力,分为A、E、B、F和H等五级。A级绝缘采用经过浸渍或使用时浸于油中的棉纱、丝和纸等有机材料,E级绝缘是聚脂树脂、环氧树脂及三醋酸纤维等制成的绝缘薄膜,B、F、H级绝缘的材料均为云母、石棉及玻璃纤维,但浸渍用漆的耐热性能不同。上述耐热能力是指可以长期在该温度下使用。当工作温度超过最高容许工作温度时,使用寿命将迅速缩短。试验表明,对A级绝缘,若一直处于90~95℃以下时,其使用寿命可达20年;当工作温度在95℃以上时,温度每增高8℃,绝缘的使用寿命就将减少一半(俗称8℃定理)。一般电动机多采用E级和B级绝缘。要求在高温场合下使用的电动机,如起重及冶金用电动机,常采用F级和H级绝缘。电动机某一部分的温度和周围冷却介质的温度之差称为该部件的温升,一般用θ表示。当该部分所用绝缘材料确定后,部件的最高容许工作温度就确定了,此时温升限度就取决于冷却介质的温度。冷却介质的温度越高,容许的温升就越低。考虑到全国各地区和各个季节环境温度的变化较大,国家标准中明确规定,在海拔1000m以下时,环境空气温度规定为40℃,当最高环境温度比40℃高出Δt0时(Δt0不超过20℃),温升限度应相应地减低Δt0;如低于40℃时,温升限度一般维持原值不变。当海拔在1000m以上,但不超过4000m时,温升限度按试验和使用地点的海拔差别进行校正。
  
  2 变频供电时电动机的温升
  
  对于变频器供电的电动机而言,由于高次谐波的存在,电机内部会产生以下附加损耗:①高次谐波带来的定子和转子附加铜损耗;②高次谐波带来的定子附加铁耗;③高次谐波带来的附加杂散损耗;④三相异步电动机在高频下运行时,集肤效应使转子电阻增加导致转差铜耗显著增加。这些高次谐波电压和电流产生的附加损耗,致使电动机温升增大,效率降低,输出功率减小。另一方面,对于普通标准电动机而言,冷却风扇直接安装在转子轴上,转速降低时,冷却风量与转速的三次方成比例减小,致使电动机的低频运转时冷却效果大幅下降,更会加剧电动机温升的提高。对于平方转矩负载而言,低速运行时负载转矩减小,电动机铜耗和发热量降低,虽然低速时冷却能力降低(如采用自冷式或自扇冷式),但电动机温升增大的不会太多。对于恒转矩负载而言,低速运行时负载转矩不变,电动机铜耗和发热量并不比高速运行时小,而低速时冷却能力却降低了,因此电动机温升将会有较大的增大,使用时要特别注意。有实验数据表明采用变频调速时,虽然电动机的转矩、输出功率都随频率的下降而降低(即发热量减小),但电动机的温度却升高了,特别是电动机运行在30Hz以下时,温升尤其严重。因此,电动机变频运行后其温升增加几乎是不可避免的,特别是普通电动机低速运行时,极易发生过热现象。为此,了解电动机的温升缓解方法是十分重要的。
  
  3 缓解电动机温升的对策
  
  温升是影响电动机使用寿命的关键因素,电动机温升的“8℃定理”就是这一观点的佐证。如前所述,电动机在变频器供电时的温升会比工频电源时有明显增加,一般地,电机运行频率越低温升越高。切实需要采取措施,限制或缓解电动机温升的增加,保证设备安全运行。在电动机选定的条件下,限制或缓解电动机温升无非有两个方面,一是合理地减少损耗,即降低发热量;再就是改善冷却条件,使热能有效地散发出去。减少损耗的根本措施一是抑制谐波,二是限制负载转矩,具体如下:①采取各种抑制谐波的措施,例如在变频器的输出侧加装滤波器,以改善输出谐波性能,减少由于高次谐波引起的附加损耗。②合理调试“载波频率”参数,改善谐波性能,减小电动机的各种损耗。载波频率适度提高,高次谐波含量将降低,电机损耗小。但是载波频率过高将加剧电动机的冲击电压,对电动机绝缘不利,且变频器自身的损耗要增大,因此载波频率的设置也不宜过高。③对于电动机轻载运行情形,适度减低变频器输出电压,即减小U/f给定。④适当地提高电动机和变频器的容量,减小其负载系数。
  在提高散热能力方面的具体措施:①选用变频专用电动机或采用强迫通风式电动机。②改造原有设备,另设专用冷却风扇。另外,如果生产工艺允许,限制电动机运行的最低频率,保证自扇冷式电动机在低速时的冷却能力,也是一种简单有效的方法。目前普通交流电动机都是按恒频/恒压(50Hz/380V)设计的,采用自带风扇冷却的,冷却风量也是按电动机额定速度设计的,较少考虑电动机调速(降速)后,散热能力下降的问题。在变频器广泛应用的今天,这种电动机实际上已经不能适应变频调速的要求,变频电动机是理想的选择之一,但变频电动机价格昂贵,许多企业难以承受。
  本文研究了变频器供电条件下感应电动机的温升问题,分析了由于电动机的损耗和散热问题所引起的电动机温升增大的原因,提出了减少损耗和改善散热方面的具体措施。



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顶,好文章。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。

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FR-A740-S630K-CHT


FR-F540J-0.75K-CH
FR-F540J-1.5K-CH
FR-F540J-2.2K-CH
FR-F540J-3.7K-CH
FR-F540J-5.5K-CH
FR-F540J-7.5K-CH
FR-F540J-11K-CH
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FR-F740-0.75K-CH
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FR-F740-5.5K-CH
FR-F740-7.5K-CH
FR-F740-11K-CH
FR-F740-15K-CH
FR-F740-18.5K-CH
FR-F740-22K-CH
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FR-F740-45K-CH
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FR-F740-S110K-CH
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FR-A740-450K-CHT
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F700系列:
FR-F740-0.75K-CHT [ ]
FR-F740-1.5K-CHT [ ]
FR-F740-2.2K-CHT [ ]
FR-F740-3.7K-CHT [ ]
FR-F740-5.5K-CHT [ ]
FR-F740-7.5K-CHT [ ]
FR-F740-11K-CHT [ ]
FR-F740-15K-CHT [ ]
FR-F740-18.5K-CHT [ ]
FR-F740-22K-CHT [ ]
FR-F740-30K-CHT [ ]
FR-F740-37K-CHT [ ]
FR-F740-45K-CHT [ ]
FR-F740-55K-CHT [ ]
FR-F740-S75K-CHT [ ]
FR-F740-S90K-CHT [ ]
FR-F740-S110K-CHT [ ]
FR-F740-S132K-CHT [ ]
FR-F740-S160K-CHT [ ]
FR-F740-S185K-CHT [ ]
FR-F740-S220K-CHT [ ]
FR-F740-S250K-CHT [ ]
FR-F740-S280K-CHT [ ]
FR-F740-S315K-CHT [ ]
FR-F740-S355K-CHT [ ]
FR-F740-S400K-CHT [ ]
FR-F740-S450K-CHT [ ]
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-[ FR-E520 系列, 3相 220V 50HZ 等級, 輕巧通用型 (150% 60秒過載能力)] -
FR-E520-0.4K
FR-E520-0.75K
FR-E520-1.5K
FR-E520-2.2K
FR-E520-3.7K
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