几个概念简单介绍 1 OLE及DDE 自从Windows操作系统流行以来，“剪贴板”（Clipboard）首先解决了不同程序间的通信问题（由剪贴板作为数据交换中心，进行复制、粘贴的操作），但是剪贴板传递的都是“死”数据，应用程序开发者得自行编写、解析数据格式的代码，于是动态数据交换（Dynamic Data Exchange，DDE）的通信协定应运而生，它可以让应用程序之间自动获取彼此的最新数据，但是，解决彼此之间的“数据格式”转换仍然是程序员沉重的负担。对象的链接与嵌入（Object Linking and Embedded，OLE）的诞生把原来应用程序的数据交换提高到“对象交换”，这样程序间不但获得数据也同样获得彼此的应用程序对象，并且可以直接使用彼此的数据内容，其实OLE是Microsoft的复合文档技术，它的最初版本只是瞄准复合文档，但在后续版本OLE2中，导入了COM。 2 OPC OPC（OLE for Process Control）是一个软件标准，它可以使自动化应用程序方便地读取工业企业的工厂级数据。OPC是基于Microsoft的组件对象建模（COM）技术定义一个标准接口，允许自动化和控制应用程序、控制设备、以及商业和办公应用软件之间相互操作。 OPC is open connectivity via open standards. They fill a need in automation like printer drivers did for Windows. See the summary of current and emerging OPC Specifications and OPC Certification. OPC is open connectivity in industrial automation and the enterprise systems that support industry. Interoperability is assured through the creation and maintenance of open standards specifications. There are currently seven standards specifications completed or in development. Based on fundamental standards and technology of the general computing market, the OPC Foundation adapts and creates specifications that fill industry-specific needs. OPC will continue to create new standards as needs arise and to adapt existing standards to utilize new technology. 3 ODBC 开放式数据库连接 (ODBC) 技术为访问不同种类的 SQL 数据库提供了通用接口。ODBC 是基于结构查询语言 (SQL) 的，以此作为访问数据的标准。此接口提供了最大的互操作性：一个应用程序可以通过一组公用代码访问不同的 SQL 数据库管理系统 (DBMS)。 Short for Open DataBase Connectivity, a standard database access method developed by the SQL Access group in 1992. The goal of ODBC is to make it possible to access any data from any application, regardless of which database management system (DBMS) is handling the data. ODBC manages this by inserting a middle layer, called a database driver , between an application and the DBMS. The purpose of this layer is to translate the application‘s data queries into commands that the DBMS understands. For this to work, both the application and the DBMS must be ODBC-compliant -- that is, the application must be capable of issuing ODBC commands and the DBMS must be capable of responding to them. Since version 2.0, the standard supports SAG SQL. 4 SCADA 数据采集与监控系统（SCADA）是一种软件应用程序，它用于远程实时遥控数据采集过程，以实现对设备和条件的控制。SCADA可用于电场、石油和天然气精炼、通信、运输以及水和废物控制。　　 stands for Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition. As the name indicates, it is not a full control system, but rather focuses on the supervisory level. As such, it is a purely software package that is positioned on top of hardware to which it is interfaced, in general via Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), or other commercial hardware modules. 欢迎大家补充。